Pornography Essays (5271 words) - Anti-pornography Feminism

Pornography Suppose one accepts MacKinnon and Dworkin's suggested statutory definition of pornography. How does one who generally accepts MacKinnon and Dworkin's views on the pervasively harmful effect of pornography, and who accepts a need for legal redress of the harms perpetrated by pornography, deal with pornographic material? The ordinance proposed by MacKinnon and Dworkin would deal with such material by enacting legislation which gives people adversely affected by the works, which clearly fit their definition of pornography, a cause of action against the producers, vendors, exhibitors or distributors for "trafficking", or for an assault "directly caused by the specific work. I do not think liberals, or others for that matter, should have much problem with the clause dealing with assault, since a causal connection to specific works is demanded by it. However, s. 3.2(iii) which deals with trafficking would be very problematic for liberals and legal conservatives because it creates a cause of action for a person contrary to the traditional conception of a rights holder's cause of action. This subsection reads: Any woman has a claim hereunder as a woman acting against the subordination of women. Any man, child or transsexual who alleges injury by pornography in the way women are injured by it also has a claim. [emphasis added] My goal in this paper is to suggest that a slight modification to this subsection of the ordinance would make it very difficult for liberals and legal conservatives to object to it. This modification would restrict the cause of action to the same persons as the other sections of the ordinance, namely, the particular victim of the specified injury. I shall argue that such a modification would largely cohere with the conception of harm already at work in Ontario law, would afford only a minor reduction in the potential efficacy of such legislation in curbing the harm of pornography, and would offer to empower the feminist camp which is behind such an ordinance with a mechanism for social and political change if a sufficiently organized feminist "vanguard" took hold of the opportunity to empower women. Adrian Howe argues that the concept of social injury which may be suggested by the ordinance recognizes the differential harm felt by women from pornography. Howe suggests this social notion of harm may be a necessary feature of any successful law reform which is to address the huge social problem of male domination and female oppression. The liberal notion of an individuated human right fails to capture, for MacKinnon and Howe, "the specificity of the harm to women." Thus, an ordinance which did not create a cause of action "for women as women" would fail to address the root of the social problem of which pornography is a manifestation. This conception of social harm, and thus subsection 3.2(iii), may offend liberals or legal conservatives in two ways. First, the notion of non-individuated harm is antithetical to the liberal conception of a rights holder claiming a cause of action. Fundamental to a liberal conception of harm is the notion of the individual who is autonomous, separate and fundamentally worthy of respect. Rawls and Kant exemplify this view in their analyses when they posit the undifferentiated self, free of any particular qualities save that of being an agent worthy of a fundamental, inviolable respect. This notion of the individual worthy of equal concern and respect in the eyes of the state permeates liberal conceptions of rights. It is also a fundamental, if not exclusive, tenet of the common law of torts: In tort litigation, the courts must decide whether to shift the loss suffered by one person, the plaintiff, to the shoulders of another person [emphasis added]. Clearly, on its face this conception of harm precludes the notion of a harm suffered collectively which cannot be delineated individually. While class actions are possible, and claims may be made on behalf of groups such as company shareholders, this is only by virtue of the fact that a legally recognized individual has suffered an identifiable particular harm. Thus, the conventional liberal notion of harm is radically distinct from that outlined by Howe and MacKinnon. Since on the liberal conception rights holders are autonomous, individual selves who are essentially distinct, harm to one is distinct from harm to

Free Essays on Imaginary Invalid Critique

The Imaginary Invalid, presented in one act, was a play about Monsieur Argon’s hypochondria and the situations that arose because of his â€Å"illnesses.† Surrounded by a very capable cast, Argon makes the best out of Molià ¨re’s last piece. It was definitely worth seeing, because this French farce kept you on your toes wondering what would happen next. Argon and his maid, Toinette, combine to keep quick whips about each other. Argons’ wife, Beline hires a conniving lawyer who constantly grabbed Beline’s butt. It appeared as though the two were having an affair, but Monsieur Bonnefoy did not do a very good job at portraying this. Two of the most comical actors were the Diafoiruses. Thomas Diafoirus and his father were both doctors, but very incompetent. Argon attempted to marry off his older daughter to Thomas, but Angà ©lique already had a man picked out. She wanted the suave Clà ©ante to marry her. However, because of his illnesses, Argon was intent on Thomas getting the goods so he could get free medical attention. Thanks to Beralde, Argons brother, and Toinette, the play ended with everyone being happy except for Beline, who was not successful in getting the daughters sent to a convent, and was also unsuccessful at getting Argon to sign a deed giving her all of his money. When her cover was blown by Toin ette, who convinced Argon to play dead, her scream made me jump out of my seat. The costumes that were used were incredibly elaborate. Bright colors seemed to be the theme of the costumes, and it was appropriate that the Diafoiruses dressed alike, because of their likeness on stage. I found it a bit unusual that the men wore shoes with high heels and the women did not, but I later discovered that the French did dress that way. Another peculiarity I found was the fact that the youngest on Argons’ daughters, Louise, dressed as though she were the older of the two girls, wearing a costume that appeared much more ... Free Essays on Imaginary Invalid Critique Free Essays on Imaginary Invalid Critique The Imaginary Invalid, presented in one act, was a play about Monsieur Argon’s hypochondria and the situations that arose because of his â€Å"illnesses.† Surrounded by a very capable cast, Argon makes the best out of Molià ¨re’s last piece. It was definitely worth seeing, because this French farce kept you on your toes wondering what would happen next. Argon and his maid, Toinette, combine to keep quick whips about each other. Argons’ wife, Beline hires a conniving lawyer who constantly grabbed Beline’s butt. It appeared as though the two were having an affair, but Monsieur Bonnefoy did not do a very good job at portraying this. Two of the most comical actors were the Diafoiruses. Thomas Diafoirus and his father were both doctors, but very incompetent. Argon attempted to marry off his older daughter to Thomas, but Angà ©lique already had a man picked out. She wanted the suave Clà ©ante to marry her. However, because of his illnesses, Argon was intent on Thomas getting the goods so he could get free medical attention. Thanks to Beralde, Argons brother, and Toinette, the play ended with everyone being happy except for Beline, who was not successful in getting the daughters sent to a convent, and was also unsuccessful at getting Argon to sign a deed giving her all of his money. When her cover was blown by Toin ette, who convinced Argon to play dead, her scream made me jump out of my seat. The costumes that were used were incredibly elaborate. Bright colors seemed to be the theme of the costumes, and it was appropriate that the Diafoiruses dressed alike, because of their likeness on stage. I found it a bit unusual that the men wore shoes with high heels and the women did not, but I later discovered that the French did dress that way. Another peculiarity I found was the fact that the youngest on Argons’ daughters, Louise, dressed as though she were the older of the two girls, wearing a costume that appeared much more ...

The Children's Classics of EB White Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Children's Classics of EB White - Essay Example Two of these books have since been made into major film events in addition to winning numerous awards and are considered to be staples of a child’s library. E.B. White’s children’s books, Charlotte’s Web, Stuart Little and The Trumpet of the Swan all reflect the concepts of true friendship and love’s power to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Stuart Little was the first of these books that he wrote. White said the idea for the book came to him while he was riding on a train. â€Å"During the night I dreamed about a tiny boy who acted rather like a mouse. That’s how the story of Stuart Little got started† (White, 1985). White’s Stuart Little was born â€Å"not much bigger than a mouse. The truth of the matter was the baby looked very much like a mouse in every way† (1), including tail, whiskers and the ability to walk soon after his birth. With a â€Å"pleasant, fine manner† (2), Stuart helps his family around the house doing little things that they can’t do, such as climbing down the bathtub drain after his mother’s wedding ring and retrieving ping pong balls when necessary. He is treated in every way as if he were any other normal little boy, being treated by the doctor, wearing clothes, talking with his family and ‘playing’ with the family pet, Snowbell. How ever, because of his small size, he often has adventures that other children would not normally experience. Examples of these adventures include getting stuck in a blind for half the day because he was doing gymnastics on the cord or being thrown onto a garbage scow when he was hiding from a dog that wanted to eat him. Thanks to his friend Margalo the bird, though, he is able to escape the garbage scow and undertakes a journey to the north in pursuit of her when she leaves in the spring. His confident manner despite his size make him inspirational to many while his dedication and interdependence with his friends highlight the true

New product development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

New product development - Essay Example They have to compete against the other giants like Nestle, Hershey’s, etc. They made the new product’s launch by increasing the promotion strategies worldwide and made a huge impression by initiating in the name of 2012 London Olympics. The product was developed after several researches. To reach the targeted customers, the group has strained on the global marketing of ‘Challenge bar’. The product development was continued initially by studying the market divisions and the current financial situations. The company was looking to other global market also. The analysis of the environment and reflection of circumstantial features of the new product is crucial in the new product development process. They should be aware of the customer’s choice while the product development. If the customers like to buy healthy refreshments than the chocolates, then there will be deprived product expansion which will slow down the returns of the Cadbury. Product development is a method of increasing the marketplace. The Cadbury stays on the product development by watching the transforming lifestyle of customer, their outlooks, and customer’s buying behavior, their flavors and fondness. Cadbury always likes to maintain a novel approach to a variety and to excite curiosity in a particular product to attract the new clients and keeping the faithful customers. The proficiency and understanding required consists of novelty, inspiration, knowledge in food science and machinery familiarity, methodical and logical skills and a good understanding of the marketplace and business. The new product development is mainly relied on the better squad effort. It takes several ideas to make a thriving product. The accomplishment of the item development at Cadbury relies on good designing comprehension by collecting data about the openings in the market. The ideas for the new products can be got from the basic research. They will study

Fears & Phobias Opinion Paper Essay Example for Free

Fears Phobias Opinion Paper Essay â€Å"A strong dislike of flying is a fear, whereas a pathological fear (an intense, uncontrollable, unendurable, physical fear) is considered to be a phobia† (Rob Kelly). Not many people know the difference between fears and phobias neither did I until I began researching for my project. Many people have fears such as a fear of mice or a fear of the dentist. For some people there fears are very minor but what happens when a fear takes over a person’s entire life and disrupts their daily activities to the point they can no longer continue on with their day, it than turns into a phobia. â€Å"The number of people who suffer from phobias is estimated at more than 6 million people in the United States† (Melissa Stoppler). In today’s society many people don’t thoroughly understand what a phobia really is and how much of an issue a phobia can really be because of this people who do suffer from phobias and aren’t aware may think that what they’re going through is normal and is just a fear. The problem with people having this disorder is that not treating a phobia can change a person’s life drastically simply because they individual is giving the phobia more time to grow and dominate their life. It can become so drastic to the point they can push away any tasks that they are meant to complete on a daily basis and decide not to do anything that may lead to their phobia actually taking place. An example of this could be a man with a phobia of dogs; yes many people are afraid of dogs but what if the man decided to never leave his house due to the fact that there might be a slight chance of him having an encounter with a dog. Society isn’t aware of the actual impact that this disorder can cause. Fears and Phobias is a mental illness but many people aren’t aware of that. Because of the many stigmas attached to mental illness when people here about Fears and Phobias and someone being treated for this illness they are labeled as someone who is distressed or being delirious. â€Å"Coupled with their own feelings of sadness, these individuals often do not seek help† (cmha.ca). Due to the labels that come with Fears Phobias and the individuals own feelings of embarrassment and guilt they may decide to not get help for their situation even though there is a treatment available. A common stereotype associated with fears and phobias is the meaning of both of the words â€Å"The difference between fears and phobias is really in degree of suffering. Though both words are often used as if their meaning is the same† (Elly Prior). Most people think that fears and phobias both mean being afraid of something which isn’t true just as Elly said it depends on how much the person is suffering from their fear if they are able to function every day or not. Society believes that fears and phobias aren’t a real concern and don’t deserve to be a mental illness. I feel as if the reason society feels that way about this is because of the individuals who suffer from it to the point it dominates their lives decide not to get help or share their story. While researching for this CPT I chose to do case studies so when I started my search there weren’t as many as I thought there would be. To me that was proof about what I’ve learned about people suffering from this disorder.

Future of the Internet in Education Essay -- Internet

How often does one find himself checking the Internet for directions? How easy has the ability to find answers to questions become? How hard is the opportunity to check one’s Internet to pass up? Why has the Internet become an every day, every hour part of life? With the capabilities of the Internet and what one can spend his time doing on the Internet, the questions about the future of the Internet’s affects on its users continues to grow rapidly. The use of computer technology in the classroom is growing to be a major concern for parents and educators all over. How much time should children be allowed to browse on the Internet? Is the Internet affecting the children’s, the future of society, ability to focus? Should parents and educators trust the websites that students get their information from? Although the Internet has done an absolutely fabulous job at making what may have seemed impossible possible, with live video chatting, music streaming, and online bo oks, the Internet is definitely responsible reading and intellectual engagement problems in students. The Internet moves at very fast speeds and can access an enormous amount of information in less than a few seconds with a few typed letters and the click of a button. Search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo!, and Ask have mastered the ability to provide a person at search for just about any answer with what seems to look like an endless amount of links leading to what that individual could possibly be inquiring about. Then there are websites including GoogleMaps and Mapquest that help finding a destination and/or direction to such destination a â€Å"piece of cake†. Such websites are without a doubt handy in providing a driver with step by step directions to where he coul... ...ary†. Education Digest 67-1 (2001): 46-49. Academic Search Elite. Web. 13 March 2012. Keen, Andrew. â€Å"The Cult of the Amateur†. Perspectives on Argument. Ed. Nancy V. Wood. Boston. Pearson, 2012. 503-504. Print. Kirshenbaum, Matthew. â€Å"How Reading is Being Reimagined†. Perspectives on Argument. Ed. Nancy V. Wood. Boston. Pearson, 2012. 508-510. Print. O'Hear, Steve. "The Internet Can Increase Learning." Has Technology Increased Learning? Ed. Roman Espejo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. At Issue. Rpt. from "E-learning 2.0—\ How Web Technologies Are Shaping Education." www.readwriteweb.com/archives/e- learning_20.php. 2006. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Wells, Melissa. â€Å"Internet-Related Problems Coming to The Attention of School Social Workers†. Children & Schools 28.4 (2006): 237-242. Academic Search Elite. Web. 13 March 2012.

Cost Accounting Essay

If you are starting out in a new business, especially a service/manufacturing business, understanding the cost accounting system and which cost accounting system will work best for your company, is the first step to being successful. Once you find someone to help you navigate those waters, let them help you sail the rough seas of direct and indirect inventory, direct and indirect labor costs, and how to allocate factory overhead as well. While it all may sound confusing, having the right person with the right knowledge and advice, can make all the difference to you and the success of your business. We learned in Chapter 19 that cost accounting systems calculate, register, and record product costs. Once these costs have been recorded, administrators and supervising personnel can use these costs for setting their product prices, controlling operations and developing financial statements. These reports can play an important role in the financial decision making process for your company so it is imperative that they are accurate and detailed. There are two different types of cost accounting systems. There are called job order cost systems and process cost systems. While both systems are used by manufacturing companies, the job order cost system is used by companies that manufacture custom products or groups of products that are alike. The process cost system, on the other hand, is chosen by manufacturing companies that make units of a product that are impossible to tell apart and are produced using a continuous production process. Once you have chosen your type of cost accounting system, you will need to know what types of costs that will need to be reported and the difference in those costs. First, you have direct materials cost and indirect materials cost. Direct materials costs are materials that will be used as an essential part of the finished product. For example, for an electrician, direct materials would be receptacles and wiring. To be considered and classified as a direct materials cost, it has to be used as an essential part of the finished product and it has to be a significant portion of the total cost of the finished product. If it does not fit these two requirements, then it is considered an indirect materials cost, or factory overhead cost. â€Å"Indirect materials are materials used in the production process, but which cannot be linked to a specific product or job. Alternatively, they may be used in such insubstantial quantities on a per-product basis that it is not worthwhile to track them as direct materials† (Bragg) .An example of an indirect materials cost, or factory overhead cost, for an electrician would be electrical tape and solder. Next, we have direct and indirect labor costs. As with direct materials costs, labor costs must also meet the same two requirements to be labeled direct labor costs. They must be an essential part of the finished product and must be a significant portion of the total cost of the finished product. If they meet these two requirements, these labor costs are considered direct labor costs. If they do not meet these requirements, they are indirect labor costs, or factory overhead costs. The janitor who cleans the building incurs labor costs for the company; however, the janitorial costs are not an essential cost of manufacturing their product. As a result, the janitorial labor costs are indirect labor costs, or factory overhead cost. So what are factory overhead costs and how do you measure and record it? Our textbook describes both in detail. Factory overhead costs are indirect costs of the product. As previously mentioned, these can be materials and labor costs that do not directly enter into the finished product. Some examples include: Heating and lighting the factory Property taxes on factory buildings and land Depreciation on factory plant and equipment Sandpaper, glue, buffing compound Power to run the machines Salaries of production supervisors Because factory overhead costs cannot be directly earmarked to jobs, they are instead, applied to jobs using a common measure related to each job. This common measure is called an activity base. The activity base used to apply overhead should reflect the use of factory overhead costs. Factory overhead costs are usually applied to jobs using a predetermined factory overhead rate computed as follows: Predetermined FactoryEstimated Total Factory Overhead Costs Overhead Rate = Estimated Activity Base For example, if a company estimated a total factory overhead cost of $50,000 for the year and the activity base as 10,000 direct labor hours, a predetermined factory overhead rate of $5 per direct labor hour is computed using the estimated amounts at the beginning of the period. Predetermined factory overhead rated are computed because managers need information about the product cost of each job in a timely manner. With timely information, managers can fine-tune manufacturing methods or product pricing. Remember, during each step of your manufacturing process, identify and record every cost as well as determine whether the costs are direct, indirect, or factory overhead. Keeping up with these costs will help you determine the final cost of each unit and whether or not to make any changes necessary for a more profitable future. Works Cited Bragg, Steven, â€Å"What are Indirect Materials?† Questions & Answers – Accounting Tools 1 June 2013. Warren, Reeve and Duchac. ACCT 1101 Chapters 18-26 Managerial Accounting. Ohio: Cengage, 2012. Print.